低温驯化对南方小花蝽冷藏的影响

为探讨低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫冷藏的影响，在室内15℃下饲养7 d作为低温驯化处理，研究了驯化后与未驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫分别在4、6和10℃下冷藏其寿命、存活率和致死中时间（LT₅₀）的异同。结果表明，无论是否进行低温驯化，南方小花蝽雌成虫的寿命都显著大于对照（25℃下饲养）。在10℃冷藏条件下，是否经过低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫寿命没有明显影响，但在4℃和6℃条件下，低温驯化能明显延长雌成虫的寿命，分别延长了80.7%和83.7%。南方小花蝽雌成虫存活率均随冷藏时间的延长而下降，在同一低温冷藏温度下经低温驯化处理的南方小花蝽存活率比未驯化的高。经低温驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫在4、6和10℃冷藏时，其LT₅₀分别比未经驯化的延长了30.0%、57.8%和40.4%。以上结果表明南方小花蝽的寿命具有可塑性，低温驯化有利于南方小花蝽的冷藏，6℃可作为南方小花蝽长期储藏的温度。     

草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用

为明确草栖钝绥螨Amblyseius herbicolus对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的控制潜能,在温度分别为19、22、25、28和31℃、相对湿度均为（85±5）%、光周期均为16 L∶8 D条件下测定草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食偏好性、捕食功能反应及自身干扰反应。结果表明,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨幼螨和第1若螨具有嗜食性,对其捕食选择系数分别为2.22和1.27,均大于1.00,对二斑叶螨卵、第2若螨和雌成螨捕食选择系数分别为0.61、0.68和0.22,均小于1.00。在不同温度条件下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型;在19～31℃范围内,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的瞬时攻击率、最大日捕食量和捕食能力均随着温度升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在28℃时达到最大值;而草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的处理时间随着温度升高呈先缩短后延迟的趋势,在28℃下处理时间最短。在相同温度下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨和第1若螨的捕食作用较强。在有限的捕食空间和二斑叶螨密度固定的条件下,草栖钝绥螨单头捕食量和捕食作用率随其自身密度的增加而逐渐下降,说...     

桃蚜组织蛋白酶基因CTSB-16D和CTSB-348的克隆、表达谱及对不同环境胁迫的响应

为了探索组织蛋白酶基因CTSB-16D和CTSB-348在桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)响应高低温和UV-B胁迫中的作用, 通过RT-PCR技术克隆了桃蚜CTSB-16D和CTSB-348基因, 利用生物信息学方法分析了它们的序列特征;采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR, RT-qPCR)技术检测了2个基因在桃蚜不同发育阶段的相对表达量及经高温、低温和UV-B胁迫不同时长的无翅成虫中的相对表达量。克隆获得了桃蚜CTSB-16D(GenBank登录号:MZ962352)和CTSB-348(GenBank登录号:MZ962353)基因, 序列长度分别为1 096 bp和1 101 bp, 开放阅读框(ORF)分别为1 017 bp和1 023 bp, 分别编码338个和340个氨基酸, 蛋白相对分子量为38.14 kD和37.52 kD, 等电点(pI)为5.46和5.99。系统发育分析表明, 桃蚜CTSB-16D和CTSB-348均与豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum (XP_003246386.1、NP_001119608.1) CTSB亲缘关系最近。RT-qPCR分析表明, CTSB-16D和CTSB-348在桃蚜不同发育阶段均有表达, 分别在1龄若虫和无翅成虫中的表达量最高。高、低温和UV-B胁迫对CTSB-16D和CTSB-348基因的表达具有明显的诱导作用, 且表达量均随时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势;4℃胁迫下, CTSB-16D和CTSB-348表达量均在90 min时达到峰值;36℃胁迫下, CTSB-16D和CTSB-348表达量均在30 min时达到峰值;UV-B胁迫下, CTSB-16D和CTSB-348表达量分别在60 min和120 min时达峰值。桃蚜CTSB-16D和CTSB-348基因在不同发育阶段差异表达, 且响应温度和UV-B的胁迫, 推测两个基因参与桃蚜的生长发育并在桃蚜响应环境胁迫中发挥了重要作用。     

Case study on the first immigration of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda invading into China

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the most damaging crop pests, and it has become major threat to the food security of many countries. In order to monitor possible invasion of this pest into China, a searchlight trap was established in March 2018 in western Yunnan Province, China, where it has served as the "first station" for many pests that have migrated from Myanmar to China. A number of suspected FAW moths were captured and identified by DNA sequencing. The results showed that the FAW moth was first captured on December 11 and formed its first immigration peak in mid-December 2018. DNA detection revealed that the early invading FAW population was the "corn-strain". The field survey indicated that the pest mainly colonized corn in Pu'er, Dehong and Baoshan areas. Migration trajectory simulation implied that the moths might have mainly come from the eastern area in the mid-latitude region of Myanmar(20–25°N, 94–100°E). This case study confirmed the first immigration of FAW into China, and will be helpful for guiding monitoring and management work to control this pest.     

我国农业害虫物理防治研究与应用进展

自1949年以来,我国的植物保护理论和技术研究取得了巨大进步,物理防治作为重要的害虫绿色防控技术,在基础理论研究与应用技术及产品创新领域也取得了一系列重要进展。该文综述了新中国成立后我国灯光诱控、色板诱控、物理阻隔、温度控制、辐照不育等害虫物理防治的理论、技术、设备和应用研究的重要成果,并对农业害虫物理防治的未来发展方向进行展望,以期为建立现代植保技术体系,保障我国的粮食安全、环境安全和农业可持续发展提供参考。     

非昆虫源人工饲料饲养的七星瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食功能

为评价非昆虫源人工饲料饲养七星瓢虫的捕食能力,在室内比较了用人工饲料饲养的七星瓢虫种群和蚜虫饲养的七星瓢虫种群对豆蚜捕食作用的异同。结果表明,两种七星瓢虫种群各虫态的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而上升,当猎物密度增加到一定水平,捕食量趋向稳定,捕食功能反应曲线均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程。人工饲料饲养种群的1～4龄幼虫、雌成虫和雄成虫的理论最大日捕食量分别是20.9、36.0、100.2、403.2、490.9和395.3头,蚜虫饲养种群的1～4龄幼虫、雌成虫和雄成虫的理论最大日捕食量分别是20.0、28.9、102.1、476.2、472.2和396.4头。结果说明两种种群各虫态对豆蚜的最大日捕食量差异不大,表明人工饲料饲养的七星瓢虫对豆蚜也有较强的控制作用。     

钙素在植物诱导防御中的作用

植物在受到环境中生物及非生物因子的胁迫后,会产生抗性反应,以保护自身免受损害,我们将这种现象称为植物的诱导抗性。现代研究表明,在植物的诱导防御中,Ca2+以细胞第二信使的身份,在植物免疫应答的信号转导途径中发挥着重要作用。本文总结前人的研究,介绍了植物的诱导防御体系,阐述了环境胁迫下,植物细胞内Ca2+浓度的变化,分析了Ca2+在胞内信号转导过程中的作用机制,最后,强调了钙素在植物诱导防御中的重要性以及在增强植物抵抗力上的应用前景。     

Migration of invasive Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) across the Bohai Sea in northern China

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith), is an important agricultural pest with a strong migratory ability. While the species is native to the Americas, it has recently invaded China, ravaging crops in many provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities). Its long-distance migration, which is critical to understand for pest management programs, has been well studied in its native region. In other regions however, the moth's migration patterns have not yet been characterized. Here, the migratory behavior of FAW populations in China was studied on an isolated island located in the center of the Bohai Strait from spring to autumn 2019, the year in which FAW first reached this region, by using searchlight trapping, stable carbon isotopes and trajectory simulation. The main results were summarized as follows:(i) The number of FAW moths caught by searchlight trapping provided direct evidence that the species migrated across the Bohai Sea.(ii) Species identification was confirmed by both morphology and molecular methods, and only the "corn-strain" that preferentially infests maize and sorghum was found in the collections.(iii) Stable carbon isotope measurements showed that up to 95.07% of captured moths displayed the C4 isotope signature, thus providing additional evidence that this species is a migrant as there are no major C4 plants at the trapping site.(iv) Backward trajectory analysis indicated that the pest now threatens to expand its range into the agriculturally important region of Northeast China, and thus authorities in this region should be vigilant to the threat posed by this species. Together, these findings add to our knowledge concerning the occurrence of FAW in northern China, and will help us to develop sustainable and effective monitoring, forecasting, and pest management strategies.     

加州新小绥螨对侧多食跗线螨的捕食潜能

为探究加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus(McGregor)对侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus(Banks)的潜在控制能力,在温度19～31℃、相对湿度(75±5)%条件下应用捕食功能反应模型研究了加州新小绥螨对侧多食跗线螨各螨态的捕食作用。结果表明,加州新小绥螨对侧多食跗线螨的卵、幼螨、若螨和雌成螨的选择性捕食系数分别为0.64、1.50、0.77和1.09。不同温度条件下,加州新小绥螨对侧多食跗线螨的捕食功能反应均属于Holling II型,对猎物幼螨和雌成螨的控制能力最强;28℃时加州新小绥螨的捕食能力最强,对侧多食跗线螨卵、幼螨、若螨和雌成螨的攻击系数分别为0.45、0.97、0.79和0.82;最大日捕食量分别为27.10粒、71.94、32.79和35.21头。加州新小绥螨的捕食作用存在较强的种内干扰反应,随着捕食者密度增加,捕食作用率下降,28℃时捕食作用率与其自身密度的关系为E=0.4345P~(-0.6278)。表明加州新小绥螨对侧多食跗线螨有很好的控制潜力。